Europe in 1300
Bohemia
The late Middle Ages were glory days for the Kingdom of Bohemia. It produced emperors and one of the leading universities in Europe (Prague), along with a vigorous cultural life.
The kingdom was established in 1212 by Emperor Frederick II (only emperors, in theory, could make new kingdoms) and technically lasted until 1918. Its glory years, though, were in the period of our course. At various times the ruler of Bohemia or his relatives were also kings in Poland and Hungary, and in 1346 its king also became the Roman Emperor. The royal house became a rival to the Hapsburgs, though, and in 1500 Bohemia was explicitly not included as part of the Imperial Circles. It eventually (16th century) was swallowed up by the Hapsburgs.
In 1300, Bohemia had a new king, Wenceslaus (Václav, in Czech) II, son of Ottokar the Great, one of the most notable of the Bohemian kings. For reference, in case you do further reading here, the ruling family was the Přemyslids (that ř is pronounced with a soft trill with a bit of a 'y' sound immediately after, as if it were Prryem-i-slid). Wenceslaus II died in 1305 at 34, and his son lasted only a few years more and was the last of the line. The Přemyslids were, after a bit of fuss, succeeded by the House of Luxembourg.
One other note must be made regarding Bohemia in 1300; namely, the recent discovery of silver at Kutná Hora (Kuttenberg, in German), about 40 miles east of Prague. This was one of the silver mines that drove a real boom in silver in the late Middle Ages. It also brought in a good many non-Czech workers (mostly Germans). Indeed, the presence of Germans in Bohemia would be a significant social issue for a very long time.
Finally, it may be worth noting a few other locations of significance in Bohemia. Prague, the capital, is where a university was founded in 1349, and was actually known as Charles University. South of Prague is Mount Tabor, which was a significant location for the Hussite movement of the 15th century. And last but not least, the town of Pilsen is the home of Pilsner-style beer, though that wasn't developed until the 19th century.