Italy
Consequences of the Invasion
First, it would no longer be possible to bring in outside kingdoms without serious consequences. The Italians had long called upon this or that king to support their cause. Most of the time, the outside help was money, maybe some troops for a limited time. This time, though, when the French entered Italy, they did so with their own agenda and the Italian powers had to realign their own priorities to deal with it. That's how subsequent invasions would go as well; the northern kingdoms had grown too powerful in proportion to the strength of the Italian city-states.
Second, the leagues of which the Italians were so fond would now be oriented around these outside powers. The goal was not so much mutual watchfulness but mutual defense against outsiders. In this same connection, the popes now began to strike the pose of defender of Italian liberties, with the result that the papacy appeared even more as a foreign antagonist to the people outside of Italy.
Third, the make-up of the French army presaged future changes. In particular, their field artillery, even though it was hardly used, would show up again. The Italians had nothing like it. The use of mercenaries, especially of Swiss but also of Germans, would also be characteristic of subsequent invasions and would sometimes play a crucial role.